{"id":19851,"date":"2022-06-21T13:04:12","date_gmt":"2022-06-21T17:04:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/?page_id=16567"},"modified":"2024-08-20T11:34:27","modified_gmt":"2024-08-20T15:34:27","slug":"hook-line-and-science-summer-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/hook-line-and-science-summer-2022\/","title":{"rendered":"Hook, Line &amp; Science"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">The award-winning series curated by Scott Baker and Sara Mirabilio, fisheries specialists with North Carolina Sea Grant<\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"wp-block-ncst-sandwich-narrative with-image\"><div class=\"ncst-sandwich-narrative\"><div class=\"sandwich-narrative__image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" class=\"sandwich-narrative__image wp-image-24170\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2018\/09\/bull-shark-carcharhinus-leucas-scaled.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2018\/09\/bull-shark-carcharhinus-leucas-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2018\/09\/bull-shark-carcharhinus-leucas-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2018\/09\/bull-shark-carcharhinus-leucas-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2018\/09\/bull-shark-carcharhinus-leucas-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2018\/09\/bull-shark-carcharhinus-leucas-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2018\/09\/bull-shark-carcharhinus-leucas-2048x1366.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/div><div class=\"sandwich-narrative__text-container\"><h2 class=\"sandwich-narrative__heading\">How Often Do Sharks Swipe the Catch?<\/h2><p>A new study reveals that avid anglers are no strangers to opportunistic sharks \u2014 and this could impact shark conservation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-collapsible-more ncst-collapsible-more\"><div class=\"collapsible-more__collapsed-content-container collapse panel-collapse \" id=\"collapsible-more-0\" aria-labelledby=\"collapsible-more-heading-0\">\n<p>Many species of shark are found year-round off the North Carolina coast, but several open-ocean species will venture closer to shore come early spring. This can either provide the thrill of a big fight for these catch-and-release species or cause dismay over the loss of bait and gear \u2014 or, even worse, cause dismay over losing prize fish catches to hungry sharks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Research Need<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cShark depredation\u201d \u2014 when a shark takes part or all of a hooked fish before an angler or commercial fisher lands it \u2014 is increasing in the United States, according to anecdotal reports. Most research on perceptions of sharks has focused on people whose livelihoods depend on the fish they catch (or don\u2019t catch, thanks to the sharks). But do anglers\u2019 experiences with sharks impact their support for shark conservation? Is the rise in recreational shark fishing in any way correlated to personal experiences and second- hand accounts from friends and family?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What did they study?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A research team set out to study the impact of sharks on recreational fishing experiences, using an online survey of saltwater anglers in North America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The team gathered information about anglers\u2019 emotional and behavioral responses to shark depredation, as well as basic information about the survey participants, including how often they fish, where they fish, and species they target. The surveys also collected information about anglers\u2019 motivations for fishing (such as for food or catch-and-release), whether they have experienced depredation, their perceptions of sharks and shark conservation, and whether they served as a fishing guide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anglers who had experienced depredation in the last five years also received specific questions about those events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most of the anglers who took the survey were male (89%), between the ages of 25 and 44 (51%), and considered themselves avid anglers (68%) who fish more than 30 times a year. Of the 541 people who responded, 77% had experienced depredation in the last five years, more commonly in the Southeast than other areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of those anglers who experienced shark depredation, 90.3% had experienced it more than once, and over half experienced 20 or more depredation events in the last five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most frequently depredated fish included various tuna species, king mackerel, and various snappers, though these numbers primarily are due to the large number of respondents from the southeastern U.S., particularly Florida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the northeast, the most frequently depredated species were striped bass, black sea bass, and pollock, and, on the West Coast, anglers most frequently reported that sharks took tunas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Anything else?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The team determined significant differences in emotional responses to depredation between fishing guides and anglers. Guides felt negative emotions \u2014 including sadness, distress, and anger \u2014 much more extremely than anglers. Additionally, guides reported feeling excitement or awe less than anglers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All told, 87% of guides experienced depredation when fishing with clients and overwhelmingly reported that depredation has a negative effect on their livelihood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>So what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While many anglers reported that they would not change their behavior after experiencing depredation, guides said they were much more likely to target and harvest sharks in the future, as well as much less likely to fish in the same area again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Such behavior change \u2014 to target and harvest sharks recreationally \u2014 results in the potential for shark depredation to have lasting management implications both for the species anglers target and for shark populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Summary by Sara Mirabilio<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><a class=\"collapsible-more__interaction-cta collapsed\" href=\"#collapsible-more-0\" id=\"collapsible-more-heading-0\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#collapsible-more-0\" aria-controls=\"collapsible-more-0\"><span class=\"collapsible-more__expansion-indicator\"><span class=\"ncst-plus-minus-toggle\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"collapsible-more__text\">Expand to read more<\/span><span class=\"collapsible-more__text-collapse\">Collapse<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/aside>\n\n\n\n<aside class=\"wp-block-ncst-sandwich-narrative with-image\"><div class=\"ncst-sandwich-narrative\"><div class=\"sandwich-narrative__image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"377\" height=\"864\" class=\"sandwich-narrative__image wp-image-16607\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-3-ancient-tackle-hook-and-line.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-3-ancient-tackle-hook-and-line.png 377w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-3-ancient-tackle-hook-and-line-131x300.png 131w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><\/div><div class=\"sandwich-narrative__text-container\"><h2 class=\"sandwich-narrative__heading\">How Did People Catch Fish 12,000 Years Ago?<\/h2><p>An archeological site has revealed an enormous collection of early hooks, lines, and sinkers \u2014 and even evidence of artificial lures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-collapsible-more ncst-collapsible-more\"><div class=\"collapsible-more__collapsed-content-container collapse panel-collapse \" id=\"collapsible-more-1\" aria-labelledby=\"collapsible-more-heading-1\">\n<p><strong>Research Need<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Catching fish on a regular basis \u2014 notice I said catching, not just fishing \u2014 can require significant skill and attention to the craft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, anglers can gain a lot of information by studying other successful fishers, the tackle they prefer, and how they use it. In a way, archaeologists are like anglers in that both groups attempt to gain new knowledge from people who came before them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the last 10 years, archeologists have discovered many well-preserved bone fishhooks, smooth grooved stones (thought to be early sinkers), artificial lures, and evidence of plant-based fishing line, all in the Hula Valley of modern-day Israel. The site represents one of the largest collections of early hook and line fishing tackle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, what can we learn about early fishing practices?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What did they study?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With access to the largest and most complete gathering of early fishing tackle remains, investigators sought to better understand how people made the items and fished with them. The team conducted archaeological, technological, and microscopic examinations to explore original uses for the fishing tackle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hooks shaped from bone came in assorted sizes, with many including an outward facing barb. These hooks did not have eyes to attach line. Instead, the barbs, in combination with single and double knobs kept the line secure on the hook. The line also could have wrapped around a large portion of the hook shank. In some instances, adhesive was used to attach lines to hooks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Several pebbles with grooves created by hand tools were found in the same area as the hooks. Thought to be sinkers, all pebbles were of comparable size and still had small remnants of early fishing line attached.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fishing line was not discovered intact but in small fragments attached to hooks and grooved pebbles. Composed of unidentified vegetative material, the line would have been strong enough to retrieve at least a 2-pound fish, according to the research team.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The presence of deep grooves, adhesive, and animal hair on two hooks from the site also confirm that artificial lures were in use 12,000 years ago. The researchers think that early fishers may have attached small pieces of shell \u2014 which displayed a mother of pearl color pattern \u2014 to attract fish as the lure fluttered in the water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Anything else?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The study site indicates that fishing occurred in shallow water close to the lakeshore. People most likely left hooks near the water\u2019s edge accidentally or when the hooks broke during use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, the fish remains found at the site indicate that catch was composed of at least three fish: Cyprinidae (the same family as carps and minnows), Cichlidae (the family that includes tilapia), and probably Salmonidae (which today includes salmon and trout).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>So what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fishers 12,000 years ago were more sophisticated than we previously thought. The skill required to manufacture and assemble hooks, line, and sinkers in combination confirms that fishers had a deep understanding of fish behavior, including feeding, and that they developed strategies for capture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I assume they shared their personal tips and tricks with others\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Summary by Scott Baker<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><a class=\"collapsible-more__interaction-cta collapsed\" href=\"#collapsible-more-1\" id=\"collapsible-more-heading-1\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#collapsible-more-1\" aria-controls=\"collapsible-more-1\"><span class=\"collapsible-more__expansion-indicator\"><span class=\"ncst-plus-minus-toggle\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"collapsible-more__text\">Expand to read more<\/span><span class=\"collapsible-more__text-collapse\">Collapse<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/aside>\n\n\n\n<aside class=\"wp-block-ncst-sandwich-narrative with-image\"><div class=\"ncst-sandwich-narrative\"><div class=\"sandwich-narrative__image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1954\" height=\"1205\" class=\"sandwich-narrative__image wp-image-16609\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-5-optional-american-shad-usfws.jpeg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-5-optional-american-shad-usfws.jpeg 1954w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-5-optional-american-shad-usfws-300x185.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-5-optional-american-shad-usfws-1024x631.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-5-optional-american-shad-usfws-768x474.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-5-optional-american-shad-usfws-1536x947.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/div><div class=\"sandwich-narrative__text-container\"><h2 class=\"sandwich-narrative__heading\">Where Do American Shad Like to Spawn?<\/h2><p>When these fish return to the Albemarle Sound to reproduce, they prefer one river basin \u2014 by far.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-collapsible-more ncst-collapsible-more\"><div class=\"collapsible-more__collapsed-content-container collapse panel-collapse \" id=\"collapsible-more-2\" aria-labelledby=\"collapsible-more-heading-2\">\n<p>From late February through early April each year, American shad, often called \u201cwhite shad,\u201d return to North Carolina coastal waterways, headed for obscure backwaters where they complete their mating rituals and lay eggs before returning to sea. This fish population may be making a comeback \u2014 due to activities like state stocking of recently hatched shad \u2014 but not to the extent managers hoped.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Research Need<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>American shad once supported one of the largest commercial fisheries along the Atlantic Coast. Dams and other man-made impediments that block spawning habitat in rivers, combined with habitat degradation and overfishing, severely depleted American shad populations. In 2005, fishery managers closed commercial ocean fishing for this species, yet the most recent coastwide stock assessment found that most American shad stocks remain at all-time lows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is believed the fish generally return to their birthplace to spawn. For example, fish entering the Albemarle Sound to spawn primarily swim upstream on the Roanoke River or the Chowan River. Determining the current primary spawning river for American shad in the Albemarle Sound would help inform research efforts and resource management decisions to improve stocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What did they study?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For much of the time period from 2013 to 2019, state biologists tagged and released a total of 266 adult American shad from various locations within Albemarle Sound. A small sound-emitting \u201cacoustic tag\u201d allows the detection and remote tracking of organisms in aquatic ecosystems. An array of acoustic receivers at ocean inlets and throughout the Albemarle Sound, the Chowan and Roanoke rivers, and their smaller tributary rivers detected fish as they migrated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of the 266 tagged fish, receivers subsequently detected 212. The 56 other fish presumably died not long after tagging. In over half of the detected fish (114 of the 212), tagging resulted in the fish aborting their spawning runs and moving back downstream; 28 of those fish did resume a spawning run later (on average, after 11 days), but 86 fish left the system entirely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of the fish that completed upstream migrations, there were 56 runs up the Chowan River, 5 up the Roanoke River, and 1 each up the Alligator and Pasquotank rivers. Of the Chowan River migrations, 39 remained in the upper Chowan River, 8 entered the Meherrin River, and 9 entered the Nottoway River. None of the fish used the Blackwater River.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because migrating adult fish typically return to the rivers where they were born, these results suggest that American shad entering the Albemarle Sound are disproportionately spawning in the Chowan River basin and that the Chowan River basin may host a larger population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What else did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The observed higher use of the Chowan River over the Roanoke River (56 runs, compared to only 5) for spring spawning migrations could partially be the result of differences between the two river basins. The Chowan River and its tributaries offer significantly more unimpeded miles of river: 610 miles, compared to 214 miles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These findings suggest that over many years the Roanoke River population of American shad may become depleted, compared to the population that is homing to the Chowan River.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Anything else?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite American shad in the Albemarle Sound system typically experiencing multiple reproductive cycles over the course of a lifetime, the research team detected only a single fish that made a repeat migration, and that was into the Chowan River in 2013 and 2014. This might be because of the relatively low sample size of the study and the high rate of mortality from tagging (presumably about 20%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Summary by Sara Mirabilio<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><a class=\"collapsible-more__interaction-cta collapsed\" href=\"#collapsible-more-2\" id=\"collapsible-more-heading-2\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#collapsible-more-2\" aria-controls=\"collapsible-more-2\"><span class=\"collapsible-more__expansion-indicator\"><span class=\"ncst-plus-minus-toggle\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"collapsible-more__text\">Expand to read more<\/span><span class=\"collapsible-more__text-collapse\">Collapse<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/aside>\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Find the full studies and more at <span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hooklinescience.com\">HookLineScience.com.<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>lead photo courtesy of NC State University.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-related-stories\"><h2 class=\"related-stories__label\">Related<\/h2><div class=\"ncst-component__related-stories-container\"><a \n      href=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/magazine\/summer-2022\/\"\n      class=\"ncst-component__bold-link text-link\"\n                >\n    <span class=\"text\">Summer 2022 Issue<\/span><span class=\"arrow-indicator\"><svg class=\"wolficon wolficon-arrow-right-bold\" role=\"img\"  aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<use xlink:href=\"#wolficon-arrow-right-bold\">\n\t\t<\/svg><\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shark Thievery, American Shad in the Albermarle Sound, and How We Fished 12,000 Years Ago<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":16710,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"views\/single-immersive.blade.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ncst_custom_author":"Scott Baker and Sara Mirabilio","ncst_show_custom_author":true,"ncst_dynamicHeaderBlockName":"ncst\/default-immersive-post-header","ncst_dynamicHeaderData":"{\"backgroundColor\":\"custombg_one\",\"displayCategoryID\":635,\"showAuthor\":true,\"showDate\":true,\"showFeaturedVideo\":false,\"subtitle\":\"Shark Thievery, American Shad in the Albermarle Sound, and How We Fished 12,000 Years Ago\"}","ncst_content_audit_freq":"","ncst_content_audit_date":"","ncst_content_audit_display":false,"ncst_backToTopFlag":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[576,1547,584,602,594,635],"tags":[],"_ncst_magazine_issue":[636],"class_list":["post-19851","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-576","category-healthy-ecosystems","category-hook-line-and-science","category-fishing","category-sharks","category-summer-2022"],"displayCategory":{"term_id":635,"name":"Summer 2022","slug":"summer-2022","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":636,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":576,"count":10,"filter":"raw"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Hook, Line &amp; Science - Coastwatch<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A new study reveals that avid anglers are no strangers to opportunistic sharks \u2014 and this could impact shark conservation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/hook-line-and-science-summer-2022\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hook, Line &amp; Science - Coastwatch\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new study reveals that avid anglers are no strangers to opportunistic sharks \u2014 and this could impact shark conservation.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/hook-line-and-science-summer-2022\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Coastwatch\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-06-21T17:04:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-08-20T15:34:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/06\/HLS-1-lead-photo-NCSU-SG.NewHanover.2989-1-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1709\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dave Shaw\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dave Shaw\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/hook-line-and-science-summer-2022\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/hook-line-and-science-summer-2022\/\",\"name\":\"Hook, Line &amp; 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