{"id":31528,"date":"2025-07-09T10:54:58","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T14:54:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/?p=31528"},"modified":"2025-07-16T16:31:37","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T20:31:37","slug":"summer-2025-recycling-wastewater","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/summer-2025-recycling-wastewater\/","title":{"rendered":"Waste Not, Want Not"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n
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As climate impacts and population growth put pressure on existing resources, a new study explores wastewater renewal.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n \n
\n \n FROM THE SUMMER 2025 ISSUE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/svg><\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n \n\n <\/div>\n\n\n\n

The earliest evidence of wastewater reuse dates back 5,000 years<\/a> to the Minoans, an ancient civilization that occupied modern-day Crete. Their sewage and stormwater systems fed water to their farmlands, keeping crops watered and fertilized during dry spells. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While technology and sanitation have drastically changed over the course of the past 50 centuries, water reuse and recycling remain important issues today. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last spring, Whit Wheeler, the director of Raleigh Water, approached Emily Berglund and Tarek Aziz, professors of civil and environmental engineering at NC State University, to explore potential approaches that would make Raleigh Water more resilient to drought. Now, they have partnered to identify possible solutions for the city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Defense Against Exceptional Drought<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
Current models predict a new water supply will be necessary between 2045 and 2067 \u2014 which is why Raleigh Water is already studying alternatives that include a new reservoir on the Little River in eastern Wake County and a withdrawal from the Neuse River. Credit: City of Raleigh.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Past threats to water resources sparked this collaboration, according to Berglund. \u201cFrom 2006 to 2008, the southeastern region of the United States faced intense droughts,\u201d she says.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For North Carolinians, the drought reached its most extreme in the fall of 2007. August of that year was the second warmest and driest the state had ever seen<\/a>, which led to more than 60% of the state receiving an \u201cExtreme Drought\u201d classification by the start of September. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

That October, nearly 40% of the state experienced extreme water shortages, widespread loss of crops and pastures, and a high risk of wildfires. The U.S. Drought Monitor placed these areas under the most severe \u201cExceptional Drought\u201d classification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By December 2007, 14 water systems had less than a 100-day supply of water in their reservoirs. The City of Raleigh\u2019s solution, according to Berglund, was to increase the allocation from Falls Lake for its drinking water supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt was a good solution,” says Berglund, \u201cbut it\u2019s a Band-Aid. It has a limit.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image:<\/a>
This clarifier treats water for the City of Raleigh. Credit: Raleigh Water.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Current models predict a new water supply will be necessary between 2045 and 2067 \u2014 which is why Raleigh Water is already studying alternatives that include a new reservoir on the Little River in eastern Wake County and a withdrawal from the Neuse River.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition, the research team is working with Raleigh Water on a new Community Collaborative Research Grant<\/a> project specifically to identify secondary water sources. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf one source fails, or there’s a shortage, then we can rely more heavily on the other one,\u201d Berglund says.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Reuse in Raleigh<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Water reuse is not new to North Carolina. The Neuse River Resource Recovery Facility (<\/a>NRRRF<\/a>)<\/a> <\/a>treats an average of 50 million gallons of wastewater per day<\/a> \u2014 the equivalent of about 100 Olympic-sized swimming pools. The facility takes in wastewater from municipal sources \u2014 households, businesses, and other community establishments \u2014 and conducts \u201cadvanced wastewater treatment.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image:<\/a>
The NRRRF \u201ctreats the wastewater to a high standard, but not a drinkable standard.” Credit: Raleigh Water.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The primary stage of treatment filters out physical contaminants like debris, grease, and oils. Following this primary treatment the water passes through more advanced processes, during which it cycles between zones with and without aeration, creating the right conditions for microorganisms to clean the water.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

These microorganisms consume organic matter and convert harmful ammonia-nitrogen to nitrogen gas, which dissipates freely from the water. After the nitrogen dissipates, the microorganisms are settled to the bottom of a tank, removing them from the treated water. Finally, in the \u201ctertiary\u201d stage, water passes through fine sand filters to further clarify it and then under ultraviolet lights for disinfection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The NRRRF \u201ctreats the wastewater to a high standard, but not a drinkable standard,\u201d Berglund says. Water from this facility is usable for non-potable purposes \u2014 such as flushing toilets, washing cars, irrigation, and filling decorative fountains and ponds. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The NRRRF provides some reclaimed water for non-potable reuse through the Raleigh Reclaimed Water Distribution System but discharges most of the water into the Neuse River. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIndirect potable reuse\u201d recycles water by introducing treated wastewater to an environmental buffer, such as a river, lake, or aquifer, then withdrawing and treating water again for distribution to a consumer base.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
NC State University student Megan Gallagher uses computational modeling to assess water treatment processes for direct potable reuse programs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIndirect potable reuse can provide more assurance in the mind of the consumer that the water is clean,\u201d Berglund says. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But what about direct <\/em>potable reuse?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Directly Drinkable<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In a \u201cdirect potable reuse\u201d approach, reclaimed water would directly be treated to drinking water standards and distributed without<\/em> being stored in an intermediate water body. Once cleaned to the appropriate water quality standard, the water would then reenter the potable water supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOn the infrastructure side, direct potable reuse can be efficient,\u201d says Berglund. There is no need for a separate reservoir or a buffer, and unlike non-potable reuse dual systems, \u201cyou don\u2019t need a separate pipe system to deliver non-potable water.\u201d Instead, direct potable reuse is conveyed using the existing drinking water pipe network.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One drawback of direct potable reuse, Berglund says, is that the process can be energy intensive, especially for direct potable reuse systems that rely on \u201creverse osmosis\u201d \u2014 an advanced process that uses high pressure to push water through a semipermeable membrane. The membrane acts like an extremely fine version of a traditional filter, allowing only the water molecules to pass through. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image:<\/a>
Reclaimed water (right tube) and distilled water (left tube) are screened for contaminants in cooperation with the NC State METRIC lab. Reclaimed water is currently treated to standards for non-potable purposes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The result is extremely pure water. In addition to requiring a lot of energy, filtering water to this level of purity poses another set of issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because it is such an intensive treatment process, reverse osmosis removes both harmful and helpful minerals. Research shows that when people drink large amounts of reverse osmosis and other \u201clow mineral water,\u201d the concentration of minerals in their bodies decreases<\/a>. Adding supplements back to the water can reverse these impacts, but it also adds more steps to the already complex process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Berglund says that a direct potable reuse system can be effective when compared with non-potable or indirect potable reuse and that reclaimed water is a good alternative for a secondary source of water. Her team is working to demonstrate how this system would work on a laboratory scale, and Berglund says it will take time and testing to find the treatment approach that will scale up for the Raleigh water supply. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>The Pipeline to New Policy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Given the risks to public safety, water reuse regulations and policy do not allow for distribution of direct potable reuse on a large scale, yet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image:<\/a>
\u201cSince water supply planning happens in decades, it is important that we conduct this research now,\u201d says Whit Wheeler (here), director of Raleigh Water.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Although the researchers haven\u2019t found a perfect solution, \u201cthere’s a potential pathway for direct reuse to happen in the city of Raleigh,\u201d Berglund says. \u201cDemonstrating that this technology works and demonstrating how much it’s going to benefit the community and our future water supply\u201d is the first step for crafting plans for policy and infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOn the east coast, we\u2019re water rich,\u201d Berglund says, \u201cso direct potable water reuse is something we haven\u2019t thought a lot about or implemented.\u201d So, to better understand what reuse could look like outside of the lab, the researchers have turned to policies from other states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCalifornia, Colorado, and Texas all have potable reuse programs, so we\u2019ve explored what\u2019s in their regulation,\u201d Berglund says. To craft solutions for North Carolinians, the researchers are working to identify the most important and relevant components.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSince water supply planning happens in decades, it is important that we conduct this research now,\u201d says Wheeler about Raleigh Water\u2019s collaboration with Berglund and Aziz\u2019s team. \u201cI am confident that NC State\u2019s Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering can lead the way for North Carolina.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There\u2019s only so much water to go around, Berglund says. \u201cAnd we need new sources.\u201d New dams and reservoirs aren\u2019t always options, and direct potable reuse can help meet the needs of the present, protect supplies in times of crisis, and preserve resources for future generations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cReuse builds resilience,\u201d she says, \u201cnot just sustainability.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n


More<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The New Pioneers: Planning for Wastewater Treatment During Climate Change<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Safeguarding Water<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reducing the Nutrient Load: How an Alternative Method of Wastewater Treatment Could Help the Tar-Pamlico Recover<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Community Collaborative Research Grant Program<\/em><\/a> receives support from North Carolina Sea Grant and the state\u2019s Water Resources Research Institute, in partnership with the William R. Kenan Jr. Institute for Engineering, Technology and Science at North Carolina State University.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

lead photograph credit: Raleigh Water.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lily Soetebier <\/strong>is a contributing editor for Coastwatch<\/em>. She is pursuing an M.S. in technical communication from North Carolina State University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FROM THE SUMMER 2025 ISSUE<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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