{"id":33169,"date":"2026-04-07T09:57:04","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T13:57:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/?p=33169"},"modified":"2026-04-07T09:57:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T13:57:07","slug":"spring-2026-hook-line-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/coastwatch\/spring-2026-hook-line-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Hook, Line & Science"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n

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\"image:<\/a>
Credit: NCSU Photos.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n
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The Award-Winning Series with Research and News for Anglers<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

What can 40 years of angler interviews tell us about where fish are moving?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Half of the fish species in a new study are now inhabiting different areas of the East Coast.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike humans, who are warm-blooded, fish are cold-blooded and cannot regulate their body temperatures. This means they need to move to hotter or cooler water to maintain the right level of warmth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The unpredictability of longer-term changes in fish locations hinders fisheries management. Due to cost and practicality, most scientific surveys only cover small regions or specific habitats, use select fishing gears, and follow different sampling designs \u2014 all of which yields inadequate data for understanding where fish are moving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The growth of saltwater angling, however \u2014 with the total number of East Coast marine recreational fishing trips ranging from 135 to 155 million each year over the past 20 years \u2014 presents an opportunity to examine movements of important recreational fish species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What did they study?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Since 1981, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has collected information from saltwater anglers, first through the Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey and then, beginning in 2006, with the replacement Marine Recreational Information Program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over this time, the core data coming from each angler interview have remained largely unchanged. From Maine to Florida, trained staff conduct in-person surveys with marine recreational fishers at public fishing access sites, recording what species were kept or released.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NMFS researcher Erik Williams focused on the 80 most-caught species. He also further categorized these species according to where they live: coastal versus offshore, and near the surface versus near the bottom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study used landing locations as a reasonable estimate of where anglers caught fish, because most recreational fishing trips are relatively short. Williams then calculated the locations where most catches occurred<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Collecting recreational fishing data in North Carolina. Credit: NOAA.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

What did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

About half of the fish species showed clear shifts in location. Species shifting southward included bluefish, king mackerel, vermilion snapper, red snapper, and gafftopsail catfish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, northward movement was much more common among species than southward movement. Northward-moving species included black sea bass, Spanish mackerel, sheepshead, cobia, northern kingfish (sea mullet), bluefin tuna, Atlantic bonito, and Atlantic cutlassfish (ribbonfish). The Atlantic cutlassfish had the quickest change in movement northward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coastal and bottom-dwelling species were more likely to shift northward or southward than offshore species, suggesting that nearshore waters are changing especially quickly. Sheepshead provided a clear example, with catches steadily moving northward, while the population appears to remain healthy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The movement of fish species up and down the East Coast requires fisheries management that is rapidly adaptive. Traditional population forecasts, typically from stock assessment models, cannot accurately account for the locations of species and may lead to management decisions based on incorrect information. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This research shows that recreational fishing data are essential for understanding long-term changes in the ocean. Every dockside interview contributes to a record that helps scientists track how fish populations shift or remain in place over time. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study highlights the important role recreational anglers play in fisheries science. By participating in surveys, anglers can help shape future management and conservation efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Mason Ibrahim<\/strong>, Hook, Line & Science communication<\/em> fellow<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

the full study<\/strong>
\u201cMarine fish distribution shifts inferred from a recreational fishing survey along the U.S. East Coast\u201d<\/a> in North American Journal of Fisheries Management<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image:<\/a>
<\/a>Each year, hatcheries release millions of fish to help rebuild depleted fisheries. Photo <\/em>credit: USFWS.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Can exercise help hatchery fish survive in the wild?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

New research suggests swimming against water flow may bring benefits.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

North Carolina uses hatchery programs to supplement fish populations, such as trout in the mountains and striped bass in coastal waters and estuaries. Research that informs the survival and performance of hatchery-raised fish could translate into stronger fisheries and more reliable fishing opportunities across the state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Each year, hatcheries release millions of fish to help rebuild depleted fisheries. While these programs can increase the numbers of fish, hatchery-raised fish often struggle after release into the wild.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compared to wild fish, hatchery-raised fish may have trouble navigating their environment, judging danger, and interacting with other fish. These challenges can reduce their ability to find food, avoid predators, and survive after release.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Previous studies show that exercise plays an important role in brain development and learning for many animals, including fish. For hatchery fish, increased swimming activity during rearing may help improve brain function and better prepare them for life in natural waters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, scientists still know little about how long-term exercise at different intensities affects fish behavior and brain development. To address this gap, researchers asked a simple question: Can exercise training improve learning and brain development in fish raised for release into the wild?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What did they study?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study focused on black seabream, a similar species to red porgy and an economically important coastal fish found in China, Japan, and Korea. Overfishing has reduced wild populations of the species, leading to hatchery-based release programs since the 1970s. Despite these efforts, survival after release remains low.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Researchers raised young black seabream under different water flow conditions that forced the fish to swim continuously. Fish experienced water speeds equivalent to swimming 1, 2, or 4 body lengths per second, while a control group was raised in nearly still water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the training period, scientists tested fish behavior and learning using exercises and mazes that measured problem-solving ability. They also examined fish brains to count the number of brain cells in regions linked to learning and movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fish that swam during rearing performed better than fish raised in still water. The greatest improvements occurred in fish exposed to moderate exercise (swimming at about two body lengths per second).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These fish solved a maze more quickly and showed behaviors more similar to wild fish when placed in new environments. Scientists also found that moderately exercised fish had more brain cells packed into key areas of the brain. Having more brain cells in these regions supports learning, memory, and the ability to respond to environmental challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fish exposed to the highest water speeds did not show the   same benefits, suggesting that too much exercise may be stressful and less effective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stock enhancement programs often focus on producing and releasing large numbers of fish. This study shows that fish quality matters, not just quantity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding moderate water flow to hatchery tanks could help produce fish with stronger learning abilities and more developed brains. These traits may improve a fish\u2019s chances of finding food, avoiding predators, and surviving after release.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study was limited in the number of fish it included, but as fisheries managers look for ways to improve the success of release programs, exercise-based rearing could offer a simple and practical tool to give hatchery fish a better start in the wild. More testing could help confirm these preliminary results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Mason Ibrahim<\/strong>, Hook, Line & Science communication<\/em> fellow<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

the full study<\/strong>
\u201cBoosting brains: exercise enhances cognition and neurone density in a fish reared for release into nature\u201d<\/a> in Animal Behavior<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image:<\/a>
<\/a>A research team in Florida tested red drum and found 17 pharmaceuticals. Credit: Katie Johnson, Florida Fish & Wildlife\/CC BY-ND 2.0 DEED.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Does pharmaceutical pollution pose a risk to red drum?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

A new study of Florida estuaries reveals potential impacts on the health of the species.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In urbanized areas, pharmaceuticals enter the marine environment mainly through domestic sewage systems, pharmaceutical production facilities, and hospitals. Even the best water treatment systems cannot remove all pharmaceuticals before reintroducing the treated water back into the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pharmaceutical pollution is increasing in marine coastal environments throughout the world, and small amounts of these drugs can have significant metabolic effects on the small organisms that live there. Furthermore, drug concentrations tend to build up in larger predators that consume the smaller organisms, which are exposed to higher concentrations of pharmaceuticals relative to their body sizes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We know that pharmaceuticals are in the water, but are they also present in key fish species? If so, do pharmaceuticals pose a health risk to fish?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What did they study?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Researchers studied estuaries across Florida and focused on red drum. This species not only consumes smaller invertebrates (in which pharmaceuticals build up), but red drum are also very resilient, inhabiting a wide variety of environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research team used traditional hook-and-line fishing in nine estuaries along Florida\u2019s coast, gathering a total of 113 blood samples from red drum over four months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Researchers tested the samples\u2019 plasma for 94 pharmaceuticals, including opioids, as well as for medicines for cardiovascular treatments, mental health treatments, and other uses. The team also looked at drug concentrations to determine whether red drum were at risk of health effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The tests found a total of 17 pharmaceuticals. On average, samples contained 2.1 pharmaceuticals. Only 7 fish did not test positive for any pharmaceuticals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on pharmaceutical concentrations, 25.7% of red drum were at medium risk and 15.9% at high risk of health effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From a broader perspective, five of the nine estuaries are at risk of pharmaceutical effects. The highest average number of pharmaceuticals per sample was present in the Apalachicola and Tampa Bay samples, both located on Florida\u2019s West Coast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ten substances, including caffeine and the common antidepressant sertraline, accounted for 94.8% of pharmaceuticals in the samples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anything else?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the pharmaceutical concentrations that the team found in Florida\u2019s red drum do not pose an immediate risk to humans, monitoring pharmaceutical pollution in estuaries remains important. Given these findings in Florida, what would we expect to find in North Carolina red drum? (Since 1971, red drum has been North Carolina\u2019s official saltwater fish and a favorite among anglers.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is an important study. Even low concentrations of pharmaceuticals can change the behavior of species, and, therefore, entire ecosystems. Moreover, 22 of the 32 largest cities in the world are located on estuaries. In the United States, 43% of residents call estuaries home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consumers can do their part to minimize the risk of polluting water and the surrounding environment by disposing of pharmaceuticals correctly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Ruthie Froning, <\/strong>contributing editor<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

the full study<\/strong>
“A multi-estuary assessment of pharmaceutical exposure and risk of pharmacological effects in a recreational fishery”<\/a>in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Read more at HookLineScience.com<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n \n
\n \n from SPRING 2026<\/span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/svg><\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n \n\n <\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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