{"id":4891,"date":"2026-04-13T10:40:30","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T14:40:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/hooklinescience\/?p=4891"},"modified":"2026-04-13T10:40:33","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T14:40:33","slug":"where-do-sheepshead-spawn-along-the-north-carolina-coast","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/hooklinescience\/where-do-sheepshead-spawn-along-the-north-carolina-coast\/","title":{"rendered":"Where do sheepshead spawn along the North Carolina coast?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n

New research identifies when and where sheepshead gather to reproduce.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Need<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sheepshead are an important recreational species along the Southeast coast, commonly caught around inlets, reefs, and other structured habitats. Like many coastal fish, they reproduce by forming spawning aggregations, where large numbers of fish gather in specific locations for a short period of time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These aggregations can make fish more vulnerable to fishing, because they are easier to locate and catch \u2014 especially for a species like the sheepshead as its popularity has increased, which has led to a recent rise in landings. Despite this, the locations and conditions of sheepshead spawning along the North Carolina coast have remained poorly understood. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This lack of information makes it difficult to assess the population and develop effective management strategies. Thus, researchers set out to identify when and where sheepshead gather to reproduce and how many eggs each female releases during this time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What did they study?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Researchers collected adult sheepshead from nearshore waters around Cape Lookout, North Carolina, during the spring spawning season, mid\u2011April through mid\u2011May, in 2018 and 2019. Fish were captured using a bottom trawl deployed from a commercial fishing vessel. Sampling focused on areas near coastal features, such as inlets, where fish were more likely to gather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After collection, scientists measured each fish\u2019s length and weight in a laboratory. The researcher team removed reproductive organs from each female fish and examined them under a microscope to determine its reproductive stage, whether it had recently spawned or was about to release eggs. The team also calculated how many eggs each female carried, counting eggs in small subsamples of the ovaries and scaling those counts to estimate the total number present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study also incorporated long\u2011term fishery\u2011independent survey data collected between 1990 and 2022 from across the Southeast. Researchers focused on spring samples and identified locations where fishers caught unusually large numbers of adult sheepshead together, which could signal spawning aggregations. They then analyzed how water temperature, salinity, latitude, moon illumination, and year correlated with these locations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First, the study did find strong evidence that sheepshead form spawning aggregations in the nearshore waters of North Carolina. Nearly all female fish collected during the sampling period were in spawning condition and had either recently released eggs or were preparing to spawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More specifically, analysis of long\u2011term survey data showed larger catches of adult sheepshead during the spring between Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras. These aggregations occurred most often in April and May when bottom water temperatures ranged from about 62 \u00b0F to 70 \u00b0F.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What else did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Female sheepshead produced large numbers of eggs. On average, a female released about 264,000 eggs during a single spawning event. Incidentally, previous research suggests that sheepshead spawn an average of 7.6 times every season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Larger females produced disproportionately more eggs than smaller ones. This means that as fish grow, their reproductive output increases faster than their body size alone would suggest. Because of this, a relatively small number of large fish may contribute heavily to overall egg production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Researchers also found that most fish observed in spawning aggregations were larger than previously reported sizes at maturity. This suggests that although smaller sheepshead may be capable of spawning, larger and older fish likely contribute more to total reproduction. These top-contributing reproducers are known as BOFFFFs \u2014 big, old, fat, fertile female fish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Understanding how and where fish reproduce helps scientists better evaluate the health and stability of a population. Information about spawning behavior can improve monitoring efforts and help researchers detect changes in reproductive activity over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study also highlights the importance of larger fish in sustaining populations. Because bigger females produce far more eggs than smaller ones, they may contribute disproportionately to future generations. Recognizing this pattern helps scientists better understand how population structure can influence long\u2011term reproductive potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reading<\/strong>
Morley, J. W., Teears, T., Bourner, C., Sage, G., & Buckel, J. A. (2026). Identifying spawning aggregations and estimating batch fecundity of sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) off NC, USA. Fisheries Research<\/em>, 296, 107684. <\/a>doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fishres.2026.107684<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding was provided by the Marine Resources Fund of the North Carolina Marine Fisheries Commission<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lead photo credit: Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission\/ CC BY-ND 2.0.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The text from Hook, Line & Science<\/em> is available to reprint and republish at no cost, but only in its entirety and with this attribution: Hook, Line & Science<\/em>, courtesy of Scott Baker and Sara Mirabilio, North Carolina Sea Grant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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