{"id":4907,"date":"2026-05-11T05:09:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T09:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/hooklinescience\/?p=4907"},"modified":"2026-05-08T10:16:44","modified_gmt":"2026-05-08T14:16:44","slug":"can-underwater-sounds-reveal-where-fish-live","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ncseagrant.ncsu.edu\/hooklinescience\/can-underwater-sounds-reveal-where-fish-live\/","title":{"rendered":"Can underwater sounds reveal where fish live?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n

By listening beneath the surface, scientists uncover how habitat shapes the hidden rhythms of estuarine life.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Need<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many fish and other marine animals produce sounds underwater. Scientists can record these sounds using underwater “microphones, called “hydrophones” (below) to understand when and where animals are active.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

North Carolina\u2019s vast estuarine system consists of diverse habitats crucial for coastal ecology, including saltwater and brackish marshes, submerged aquatic vegetation beds, mud and sand flats, oyster reefs, and shallow soft bottoms. Scientists still do not fully understand how the spatial arrangement and connection between different types of habit influence fish communities. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study asked whether different habitats create different soundscapes and if those sounds can tell us something about the animals and conditions in each place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image:
Researchers used this hydrophone on a previous study of underwater soundscapes. Credit: NOAA.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

What did they study?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Starting in August 2019, researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\u2019s Institute of Marine Sciences sampled 24 areas in NC’s Back and Core Sounds within a patch-like, interconnected mixture of different habitat types — including seagrass beds, saltmarsh creeks, oyster reefs, and unvegetated mudflats. At each site, they placed an underwater hydrophone about six inches above the seafloor. The devices recorded two-minute sound clips every 15 minutes over week-long deployments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To understand what might be driving the sounds, the team measured local habitat conditions, such as how much seagrass or oyster reef was present near each recorder. They also examined broader landscape patterns using aerial imagery to map habitat types within about 500 meters of each site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sound levels varied by habitat. Seagrass beds tended to be the quietest sites overall, and mudflats were the loudest. When the researchers compared recordings across all 24 sites, there were four main soundscape patterns, two unique to saltmarsh creeks and two to seagrass beds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two fish species played a major role in shaping the recordings. Oyster toadfish were heard at nearly all the sites (21 out of 24), while silver perch were present at fewer sites (14 out of 24) but could dominate the soundscape when actively calling. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In some areas, silver perch produced loud and dense choruses, but in other areas they were barely present. Where silver perch were less active, the soundscape was made up of a mix of other sounds, including oyster toadfish calls, snapping shrimp, and other fish species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Features such as seagrass patch size and the perimeter length of an oyster reef were linked to differences in underwater sounds. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image:
Soundscape recordings showed clear showed clear seasonal changes in activity for silver perch. Credit: NOAA.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

What else did they find?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The recordings also showed clear seasonal changes for silver perch, with increased calling in early summer, which dropped sharply in mid-July and stopped by early August. The pattern likely reflects their spawning period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Understanding soundscapes allows natural resource managers to better understand “seascape connectivity” — how organisms navigate between salt marshes, seagrass beds, and reefs to find food or shelter. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further, this study shows that in lieu of costly and time-intensive traditional fish sampling techniques, scientists can listen to an underwater environment and detect patterns of sound linked to habitat type, habitat complexity, and seasonal fish behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, the study also reveals that the diversity of soundscapes across different habitats is crucial for the development of fish and the health of marine ecosystems. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reading<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Van Hoeck, R. V., Bohnenstiehl, D. R., & Joel Fodrie, F. (2026). Eavesdropping on estuaries: Soundscape spatial variation explained by habitat metrics at multiple scales. Landscape Ecology<\/em>, 41(2), 44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10980-025-02190-1<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funding was provided by a PADI Foundation Grant (Number 40743) to R.V.H, a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institute for the Environment Duke Energy Fellowship to R.V.H, and a Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Award to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northeast Fisheries Science Center (Number M19PG00015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The text from Hook, Line & Science<\/em> is available to reprint and republish at no cost, but only in its entirety and with this attribution: Hook, Line & Science<\/em>, courtesy of Scott Baker and Sara Mirabilio, North Carolina Sea Grant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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