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A flooded river with a bridge spanning its width

Bridge Crossing Modeling Study

The content below was prepared by J. Jack Kurki-Fox and edited by Barbara Doll, Julie Leibach, and Jonathan Page.

There are more than 10 road/highway and railroad bridges crossing the Neuse River between Smithfield and Kinston. These bridges have embankments to elevate the road surface across the floodplain leading up to the river channel. The embankments obstruct water flow on the floodplain, thereby potentially increasing the water level upstream of the bridge structures during extreme events, which can exacerbate flooding.

Concern that bridges are worsening flooding has been raised in many communities across eastern North Carolina. A team led by Barbara Doll of North Carolina Sea Grant and NC State University’s Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering has evaluated bridges in several towns using hydraulic models to determine if modifying the bridges (e.g., increasing their span and/or raising their elevation) would reduce flooding.

Bridges modeled include the U.S. Highway 301, railroad and Interstate 95 bridges south of Smithfield; the Arrington Bridge Road bridge near Goldsboro; the U.S. Highway 70, U.S. Highway 258, and railroad bridges in Kinston; and the N.C. Highway 43 bridges over the Neuse River and Swift Creek in Craven County. Read an article in Coastwatch magazine about this study.

Because of the close proximity of several bridges in each municipality, modeling has revealed that minimal to no change in upstream flooding can be achieved by modifying a single bridge in many cases. More significant (but still minimal) reductions can only be achieved by modifying several bridges in each community. The table below shows the expected range of water surface elevation reductions upstream of the bridges that can be achieved during a Category 1 hurricane-scale event (e.g., Hurricane Matthew) from modifying a single bridge compared to modifying multiple bridges.

Learn more about mitigation strategies related to coastal riverine flooding.

Community/BridgeExisting Span Width (feet)Modified Span Width (feet)Water Surface Elevation Reduction (feet)Upstream Point of Reference
SmithfieldU.S. 70B
U.S. 3013009000.0
I-953009000.0
I-953502,350
U.S. 301 and railroad bridge combined––1.0
U.S. 301, railroad bridge and I-95 combined––1.4
GoldsboroArrington Road
Arrington Road bridge3008500.0
KinstonU.S. 70
U.S. 707002,0000.3
King Street6703,4700.7
Queen Street6002,0500.2
Railroad bridgeremoved0.0
U.S. 70, King Street and Queen Street combined––1.2
Craven County
N.C. 43 (Neuse River)9004,4000.1N.C. 43
N.C. (Swift Creek)2303,2300.7
N.C. 43 and railroad bridge on Swift Creek––0.9N.C. 43
Table 1: The resulting change is the upstream water surface elevation (WSE) that would result during a Hurricane Matthew-scale event based on hydraulic modeling results for increasing bridge capacities individually and in combination. The increase in the bridge span and the point of upstream reference for comparing the WSE for proposed versus existing condition is also indicated.

Smithfield

In Smithfield, three bridges along the Neuse River were modeled: U.S. 301, railroad and I-95. The modification of all three bridges resulted in a maximum estimated 1.4-foot reduction in water surface elevation, but failed to alleviate flooding across U.S. 70B west of town, as a drop in water surface elevation of more than 3 feet is required to prevent overtopping of this road during a Hurricane Matthew-scale event. In addition, the aerial extent of flooding changes very little from the modifications.

Map of Smithfield NC
Figure 1: Map of Smithfield indicating the location of three bridges modeled to evaluate changes in upstream flooding, including U.S. 301, the immediately adjacent railroad bridge and I-95, just downstream. The U.S. 70 bridge at Market Street, which is located 3.6 miles upstream, was not modified. However, the water levels at U.S. 70B were used to evaluate the flood reductions that could be achieved by modifying the three downstream crossings. Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department
Figure 2: Cross-section of the Neuse River at U.S. Highway 70B in Smithfield. The blue line indicates the elevation of the flooding at the bridge during Hurricane Matthew. The red dashed line indicates the 1.4-foot reduction in water surface that could be expected if all three downstream bridges (U.S. 301, railroad and I-95) were substantially modified. Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event comparing the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) that can be achieved by modifying all three bridges (U.S. 301, railroad and I-95).
Figure 3: Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event comparing the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) that can be achieved by modifying all three bridges (U.S. 301, railroad and I-95). The 1.4-foot reduction in water surface results in only a minor change in the areal extent of flooding due to the shape of the floodplain and the surrounding terrain (see Figure 2 above). Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering

Goldsboro

In the City of Goldsboro, Arrington Bridge Road bridge was identified as a potential flow obstruction. Modeling results indicate that no change in water surface elevation will result from removing the embankments and increasing the span of this bridge. This is likely due to the flow constriction of the river channel just downstream of the bridge, which causes backwater downstream of the bridge.

Map of the City of Goldsboro indicating the location for the Arrington Bridge Road bridge
Figure 4: Map of the City of Goldsboro indicating the location for the Arrington Bridge Road bridge, which was modeled to evaluate changes in upstream flooding. Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department
Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event that reveals no change in the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) as a result of modifying the Arrington Road Bridge in Goldsboro.
Figure 5: Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event that reveals no change in the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) as a result of modifying the Arrington Road Bridge in Goldsboro. Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department

Kinston

In Kinston, four bridges along the Neuse River were modeled: U.S. 70 (New Bern Avenue), King Street, Queen Street and the railroad bridge southeast of town. Even though the railroad bridge was perceived as exacerbating flooding during extreme events, model simulations of the river hydraulics with the railroad bridge completely removed resulted in no change in water surface elevation for any of the flooding events evaluated.

For many events, a substantial portion of the total discharge flows over the bridge and does not cause any backwater upstream. In contrast, the modification of all three road bridges resulted in a maximum estimated 1.2-foot reduction in the water surface elevation upstream of U.S. 70 during a Hurricane Matthew-scale event. Despite this reduction in water surface elevation, the aerial extent of flooding changes very little due to the modifications.

Map of Kinston indicating the location for three road bridges along U.S. 70, King St, Queen Street, as well as a railroad bridge southeast of town, that were modeled to evaluate changes in upstream flooding.
Figure 6: Map of Kinston indicating the location for three road bridges along U.S. 70, King St, Queen Street, as well as a railroad bridge southeast of town, that were modeled to evaluate changes in upstream flooding. Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department
Cross section of the Neuse River at U.S. 70 (New Bern Avenue) in Kinston.
Figure 7: Cross section of the Neuse River at U.S. 70 (New Bern Avenue) in Kinston. The blue line indicates the elevation of the flooding at the bridge during Hurricane Matthew. The red dashed line indicates the 1.2-foot reduction in water surface that could be expected if U.S. 70 and the two downstream bridges (King Street and Queen Street) were substantially modified. Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department
Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event comparing the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) that can be achieved by modifying all three road bridges (U.S. 70, King Street and Queen Street).
Figure 8: Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event comparing the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) that can be achieved by modifying all three road bridges (U.S. 70, King Street and Queen Street). The 1.2-foot reduction in water surface results in only a minor change in the areal extent of flooding due to the shape of the floodplain and the surrounding terrain (see Figure 7 above). Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department

Craven County

Two bridges along N.C. 43 (Weyerhaeuser Road) in Craven County on Swift Creek and the Neuse River and one railroad bridge located 1.5 miles downstream of N.C. 43 on Swift Creek were modeled. The modification of both of the Swift Creek bridges (N.C. 43 and the railroad) resulted in a maximum estimated 0.9-foot reduction in the water surface elevation during a Hurricane Matthew-scale event. However, this water surface change resulted in minimal changes to the aerial extent of flooding due to the shape of the floodplain and the surrounding terrain. Despite extensive modifications to the N.C. 43 bridge over the Neuse River, only a 0.1-foot reduction in water surface elevation resulted for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event, and there was no distinguishable change in flood inundation because of backwater from downstream.

Map of N.C. 43 in Craven County, showing the bridge crossing locations at the Neuse River and at Swift Creek that were modeled to evaluate changes in upstream flooding.
Figure 9: Map of N.C. 43 in Craven County, showing the bridge crossing locations at the Neuse River and at Swift Creek that were modeled to evaluate changes in upstream flooding. Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department
Cross section of Swift Creek at N.C. 43 in Craven County.
Figure 10: Cross section of Swift Creek at N.C. 43 in Craven County. The blue line indicates the elevation of the flooding at the bridge during Hurricane Matthew. The red dashed line indicates the 0.9-foot reduction in water surface that could be expected if the N.C. 43 bridge and the downstream railroad bridge were substantially modified. Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department
Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event comparing the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) that can be achieved by modifying the N.C. 43 bridge and the downstream railroad bridge over Swift Creek.
Figure 11: Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event comparing the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) that can be achieved by modifying the N.C. 43 bridge and the downstream railroad bridge over Swift Creek. The 0.9-foot reduction in water surface results in only a minor change in the aerial extent of flooding due to the shape of the floodplain and the surrounding terrain (see Figure 10 above). Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department
Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event comparing the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) that can be achieved by modifying the N.C. 43 bridge over the Neuse River.
Figure 12: Flood extents for a Hurricane Matthew-scale event comparing the existing condition (blue) to the reduced floodplain extent (pink) that can be achieved by modifying the N.C. 43 bridge over the Neuse River. The 0.1-foot reduction in water surface is so minor that it results in no distinguishable change in the aerial extent of flooding. Credit: N.C. Sea Grant/NC State University Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department

Lead photo: A bridge over the Neuse River in Kinston. Public Domain